• Quantum technologies have the potential to revolutionize various sectors, but also pose risks such as increased security vulnerabilities and amplified global inequalities.
• Restrictive export controls and a lack of a cooperative global framework may exclude the Global South from accessing quantum innovations, deepening the digital divide.
• Fiduciary governance and international collaborations are crucial to ensuring responsible development and equitable distribution of the benefits of quantum technologies.

The rapid advancement of quantum technologies presents both opportunities and challenges for global society. These technologies, encompassing computing, sensing, and communication, promise breakthroughs in fields ranging from medicine and finance to national security. However, their development also raises concerns about potential misuse, increased inequality, and the need for robust governance frameworks. This report examines these issues, focusing on the implications for the Global South and the importance of international cooperation.

• What: Quantum technologies have the potential to revolutionize various sectors, but also pose risks such as increased security vulnerabilities and amplified global inequalities. Export controls by major powers are limiting access to quantum hardware and software, undermining research capacity and infrastructure development, especially in the Global South. Fiduciary governance can help ensure the technology is used ethically and for public benefit.
• Who: Key actors include governments (U.S., EU, China, UK), researchers (Michael Karanicolas, Alessia Zornetta, Robert Herian), organizations (Center for Quantum Networks, Narang Lab, Dalhousie University’s Law and Technology Institute), and stakeholders in the Global South.
• When: Since 2020, governments have been implementing targeted restrictions on quantum-enabling technologies. The 'Atoms for Peace' initiative was in 1953. The current research and policy discussions are taking place in 2025.
• Where: The issues discussed have global implications, with specific focus on the Global South and the policies of major powers like the U.S., EU, and China.

The convergence of these reports reveals a critical juncture in the development of quantum technologies. While the potential benefits are immense, the risk of exacerbating existing inequalities and creating new security vulnerabilities is substantial. The differing approaches of major powers (collaborative openness vs. inward consolidation) highlight the tension between strategic control and global scientific progress. The concept of fiduciary governance offers a promising avenue for ensuring responsible development, but its implementation requires broad stakeholder engagement and robust oversight mechanisms. The "Qubits for Peace" proposal, while ambitious, underscores the need for proactive measures to prevent the Global South from being left behind in the quantum revolution.

Quantum computing requires significant oversight to protect the interests of citizens and hold accountable those that breach duties and obligations within the scope and competence of public governance, both private and public actors alike.

Without meaningful access to quantum resources, the Global South may face a triple disadvantage.

The quantum revolution is unfolding, presenting both transformative opportunities and significant risks. Ensuring equitable access, fostering responsible development, and establishing robust governance frameworks are crucial to harnessing the full potential of these technologies while mitigating potential harms. The active engagement of lawmakers, civil society, and global stakeholders is essential to shaping a future where quantum technologies benefit all of humanity, not just a privileged few. Continued dialogue and proactive policies are necessary to navigate the complex challenges and ensure a more equitable and secure quantum future.