• The saola genome has been mapped for the first time, revealing two genetically distinct populations.
• Mixing these populations in a captive breeding program is identified as the best chance for the saola's survival, according to conservation models.
• The genome map will aid in locating the remaining saolas using advanced DNA detection and could potentially support de-extinction efforts.

An international research team has successfully mapped the genome of the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), a critically endangered mammal also known as the Asian unicorn due to its elusiveness. The analysis of fragmented saola remains revealed the existence of two genetically different populations that split between 5,000 and 20,000 years ago. This discovery offers crucial insights into the saola's evolutionary history and provides hope for its conservation through targeted breeding programs and improved detection methods.

• What: Mapping of the saola genome, revealing two genetically distinct populations and providing tools for conservation.
• Who: International team of scientists, including researchers from the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute in Vietnam, Vietnam National University, and the University of Copenhagen.
• When: Genome mapping study published recently. Saola first discovered in 1992. Last confirmed sighting in the wild was in 2013.
• Where: Saola inhabits the Annamite Mountains on the border between Vietnam and Laos.

The mapping of the saola genome represents a significant breakthrough in the effort to conserve this critically endangered species. The discovery of two genetically distinct populations highlights the importance of maintaining genetic diversity for the species' long-term survival. The new genetic information will be crucial in refining methods for locating the remaining saolas and establishing a successful captive breeding program. While challenges remain, the genome mapping provides renewed hope for the saola's future, even opening the door to potential de-extinction efforts.

"This means that the genetic variation lost in each population complements the other. So, if you mix them, they could compensate for what the other is missing."

"Right now, the existence of live saolas can neither be proven nor disproven. The last evidence we have was from 2013, when one was captured on a camera trap."

"If we can bring together at least a dozen saolas – ideally a mix from both populations – to form the foundation of a future population, our models show the species would have a decent chance of long-term survival."

The successful mapping of the saola genome marks a pivotal moment in the conservation of this elusive and critically endangered species. The identification of two distinct populations and the potential for genetic mixing offer a pathway towards a more resilient population. While the saola's future remains uncertain, the scientific community is now equipped with advanced tools and knowledge to aid in locating the remaining individuals, establishing a breeding program, and potentially even resurrecting the species through de-extinction technologies. The ongoing efforts underscore the importance of international collaboration and innovative approaches in preserving biodiversity.